Estimating the Effects of U.S. Distortions in the Ethanol Market Using a Partial Equilibrium Trade Model

In this paper we assess the impact of the elimination of trade distortions on imports from Brazil to the U.S. For this purpose, we estimate a partial equilibrium trade model an ethanol export supply function for Brazil and an ethanol import demand function for the U.S.-, based on annual data from 1975 to 2006, and use the results to compute a back-of-the-envelope measure of the deadweight loss derived from those trade distortions as well as one derived from producing the 35 billion gallons proposed in the Twenty in Ten 2007 State of the Union Policy Initiative assuming the distortions are not eliminated. Two-stage least squares is used to estimate both functions, the world price of ethanol being treated as endogenous. This paper supports the idea that the U.S. and Brazil would reap gains from trade if trade distortions were eliminated.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

ESTILOS DE VIDA COMO DETERMINANTES DE LA CONDUCTA ALIMENTARIA EN JÓVENES UNIVERSITARIOS

La presente investigación aborda el tema de los estilos de vida y su relación con la conducta alimentaria de los jóvenes universitarios, cabe señalar que la conducta alimentaria es un eje conductor que desencadena problemas graves de salud como las conductas alimentarias de riesgo, los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y de la composición corporal. Con relación a lo anterior se han realizado estudios en Europa, Estados Unidos y México principalmente, los cuales dieron como resultados que existe un alto porcentaje de jóvenes que presentan conductas alimentarias de riesgo, también, es importante mencionar que los estudios que se han realizado en cuanto al tema de los estilos de vida de los universitarios y su conducta alimentaria se han abordado desde un enfoque biológico, lo cual no ha permitido conocer de manera integral los factores que también influyen en ellos, por lo tanto resulta urgente abordar el tema desde una mirada social, es decir una visión amplia para entender y resolver las problemáticas de salud que se presentan derivadas del estilo de vida y la conducta alimentaria. Con relación a lo anterior se tuvo como objetivo general determinar la influencia de los estilos de vida de jóvenes universitarios sobre su conducta alimentaria y la percepción que tienen sobre ella, asimismo se crearon los siguientes objetivos específicos, definir los estilos de vida que tienen los jóvenes universitarios, describir las conductas alimentarias que presentan los jóvenes universitarios, descubrir la percepción que tienen los jóvenes universitarios sobre su conducta alimentaria, distinguir la percepción que tienen los jóvenes universitarios sobre su conducta alimentaria y determinar la influencia de los estilos de vida sobre la conducta alimentaria de jóvenes universitarios. El supuesto hipotético fue al conocer los estilos de vida que presentan los jóvenes universitarios, se podrán relacionar con sus conductas alimentarias y la percepción de que ella tiene

THE EFFECTS OF TRADE DISTORTIONS: THE CASE OF THE SUGARCANE-ETHANOL INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL VERSUS THE CORN-ETHANOL INDUSTRY IN THE U.S.

In order to compensate for the gap in price competitiveness derived from fossil fuel production still being more price-competitive than production of biofuels, the ethanol industry is heavily subsidized inside and protected from the outside in both the U.S. and Brazil. In this paper we assess the impact of the elimination of trade distortions, in particular, the 2.5 percent ad valorem tax, and a secondary tariff of 54 cents-per-gallon on imports from Brazil to the U.S., imposed to offset the 51 cents-per-gallon domestic subsidy to corn-ethanol production. For this purpose, we estimate a partial equilibrium trade model – an ethanol export supply curve for Brazil and an ethanol import demand curve for the U.S.-, based on annual data from 1975 to 2005. Two-stage least squares is used to estimate both curves, the world price of ethanol being treated as endogenous. The results show Brazilian export supply to be very sensitive to changes in prices, thus it is very likely that elimination of trade distortions in the ethanol market will result in a more than proportionate increase in ethanol exports from Brazil due to the rise in the world price. Moreover, according to this model, if the U.S. increases its demand for imports from Brazil, there will be a positive impact of the U.S. in driving the world price up. Therefore, this paper supports the idea that the U.S. and Brazil reap gains from trade when trade distortions are eliminated

3D Printing of Progesterone-Loaded Intrauterine System Using Vat Photopolymerisation

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) provides the opportunity to personalise different dosage forms and therapeutic regimen where conventional manufacturing processes might not be applicable. Limited work has been done to investigate using 3DP for personalising hormonal intrauterine systems (IUSs). The aim of this work was to prepare 3DP IUS containing progesterone using vat photopolymerisation (VPP) technique. The device was successfully printed and showed a slow release in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). VPP has the advantages of better printing resolution producing smoother surfaces, and the elimination of the pre-printing process of hot melt extrusion (HME) needed for fused deposition modelling (FDM) method. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first report of using VPP for printing hormone-loaded IUSs

DESARROLLO COMPARTIDO: COMPORTAMIENTO DEL MODELO

SÓLO VISIÓN PROYECTABLE

LA EMPRESA FAMILIAR, EL PROTOCOLO Y GOBIERNO CORPORATIVO

SÓLO VISIÓN PROYECTABLE

SITUACIÓN FINANCIERA: BALANCE GENERAL

SÓLO VISIÓN PROYECTABLE

BANCA DE PRIMER PISO VS BANCA DE DESARROLLO

SÓLO VISIÓN PROYECTABLE